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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00176_Field_frep134c.txt
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1996-12-30
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The second cell (to the left)
fires only when the object is
farther away than that
distance.
For this cell, a "far" cell,
objects closer than the screen
evoke little or no response; at
about zero disparity (screen
distance), a small shift of the
screen has a very large
influence on the effectiveness
of the stimulus. The response
rises sharply to a plateau for
distances farther away than
where the animal is looking.
Beyond a certain point the two
receptive fields no longer
overlap; in effect, the eyes are
being stimulated separately.
Response then falls to zero.
Still other cells respond only
when the stimulus is nearer. As
we vary disparity, these two
cell types, called near cells and
far cells, both show very rapid
changes in responsiveness at or
near zero disparity. All three
kinds of cells, called disparity-
tuned cells, have been seen in
area 17 of monkeys. It is not yet
clear just how common they are
or whether they occur in any
special layers or in any special
relation to ocular-dominance
columns. Such cells care very
much about the distance of the
object from the animal, which
translates into the relative
positions of the stimulus in the
two eyes. Another
characteristic feature of these
cells is that they fail to respond
to either eye alone, or give only
weak responses. All these cells
have the common
characteristic of orientation
specificity; in fact, as far as we
know, they are like any
ordinary upper-layer complex
cell, except for their additional
fussiness about depth. They
respond very well to moving
stimuli and are sometimes end
stopped.
Gian Poggio at Johns Hopkins
Medical School has recorded
such cells in area 17 of alert
implanted monkeys trained to
keep their eyes fixed on a
target. In anesthetized
monkeys, such cells, although
certainly present, seem to be
rare in area 17 but are very
common in area 18. I would be
surprised if an animal or
human could assess and
compare the distances of
objects in a scene
stereoscopically if the only
cells involved were the three
types--tuned excitatory, near,
and far--that I have just
described. I would have guessed
that we would find a whole
array of cells for all possible
depths. In alert monkeys,
Poggio has also seen tuned
excitatory cells with peak
responses not at zero but
slightly away from zero, and it
thus seems that the cortex may
contain cells with all degrees of
disparity. Although we still do
not know how the brain
reconstructs a scene full of
objects at various distances
(whatever "reconstructs"
means), cells such as these
seem to represent an early stage
in the process.